Consonant Letters
Consonant in Gurmukhi are also called Akhar (ਆਖ਼ਰ). Together with 3 vowel base (also called vowel holders), there are in total 35 consonants. Each consonant character represents a phonetic sound and are combined with either dependent or independent vowel to make a final sound.
Consonants:
| Consonant | Pronunciation |
|---|---|
| ਕ | ka |
| ਖ | kha |
| ਗ | ga |
| ਘ | gha |
| ਙ | nga |
| ਚ | ca |
| ਛ | cha |
| ਜ | ja |
| ਝ | jha |
| ਞ | nya |
| ਟ | tta |
| ਠ | ttha |
| ਡ | dda |
| ਢ | ddha |
| ਣ | nna |
| ਤ | ta |
| ਥ | tha |
| ਦ | da |
| ਧ | dha |
| ਨ | na |
| ਪ | pa |
| ਫ | pha |
| ਬ | ba |
| ਭ | bha |
| ਮ | ma |
| ਯ | ya |
| ਰ | ra |
| ਲ | la |
| ਵ | va |
| ੜ | rra |
| ਸ | sa |
| ਹ | ha |
Vowel bases:
| Vowel Base | Pronunciation |
|---|---|
| ੲ | iri |
| ਅ | era |
| ੳ | ura |
Additional Consonants in Gurmukhi
In Gurmukhi, there are six consonants created by placing a dot (also bindi) at the foot of the consonant. These dot symbol at the bottom of the consonants represent borrowed sound.
| Letter | Pronunciation |
|---|---|
| ਸ਼ | sha |
| ਖ਼ | khha |
| ਗ਼ | ghha |
| ਜ਼ | za |
| ਫ਼ | fa |
| ਲ਼ | lla |